# Modelica Standard Library¶

The power of packages in Modelica is the ability to take commonly needed types, models, functions, etc. and organize them into packages for reuse later by simply referencing them (rather than repeating them). But there is still a repetition problem if every user is expected to make their own packages of commonly needed definitions. For this reason, the Modelica Association maintain a package called the Modelica Standard Library. This library includes definitions that are generally useful to scientists and engineers.

In this section, we will provide an overview of the Modelica Standard Library so readers are aware of what they can expect to find and utilize from this library. This is not an exhaustive tour and because the Modelica Standard Library is constantly being updated and improved, it may not reflect the latest version of the library. But it covers the basics and hopefully provides readers with an understanding of how to locate useful definitions.

## Constants¶

The Modelica Standard Library contains definitions of some common physical and machine constants. The library is small enough that we can include the source code for this package directly. The following represents the Modelica.Constants package from version 3.2.2 of the Modelica Standard Library (with a few cosmetic changes):

within Modelica;
package Constants
"Library of mathematical constants and constants of nature (e.g., pi, eps, R, sigma)"

import SI = Modelica.SIunits;
import NonSI = Modelica.SIunits.Conversions.NonSIunits;

// Mathematical constants
final constant Real e=Modelica.Math.exp(1.0);
final constant Real pi=2*Modelica.Math.asin(1.0); // 3.14159265358979;
final constant Real D2R=pi/180 "Degree to Radian";
final constant Real R2D=180/pi "Radian to Degree";
final constant Real gamma=0.57721566490153286060
"see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler_constant";

// Machine dependent constants
final constant Real eps=ModelicaServices.Machine.eps
"Biggest number such that 1.0 + eps = 1.0";
final constant Real small=ModelicaServices.Machine.small
"Smallest number such that small and -small are representable on the machine";
final constant Real inf=ModelicaServices.Machine.inf
"Biggest Real number such that inf and -inf are representable on the machine";
final constant Integer Integer_inf=ModelicaServices.Machine.Integer_inf
"Biggest Integer number such that Integer_inf and -Integer_inf are representable on the machine";

// Constants of nature
// (name, value, description from http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/)
final constant SI.Velocity c=299792458 "Speed of light in vacuum";
final constant SI.Acceleration g_n=9.80665
"Standard acceleration of gravity on earth";
final constant Real G(final unit="m3/(kg.s2)") = 6.67408e-11
"Newtonian constant of gravitation";
final constant Real h(final unit="J.s") = 6.626070040e-34 "Planck constant";
final constant Real k(final unit="J/K") = 1.38064852e-23 "Boltzmann constant";
final constant Real R(final unit="J/(mol.K)") = 8.3144598 "Molar gas constant";
final constant Real sigma(final unit="W/(m2.K4)") = 5.670367e-8
"Stefan-Boltzmann constant";
final constant Real N_A(final unit="1/mol") = 6.022140857e23
final constant Real mue_0(final unit="N/A2") = 4*pi*1.e-7 "Magnetic constant";
final constant Real epsilon_0(final unit="F/m") = 1/(mue_0*c*c)
"Electric constant";
final constant NonSI.Temperature_degC T_zero=-273.15
"Absolute zero temperature";


Noteworthy definitions are those for pi, e, g_n and eps.

The first two, pi and e, are mathematical constants representing and , respectively. Having these constants available not only avoids having to provide your own numerical value for these (irrational) constants, but by using the version defined in the Modelica Standard Library, you get a value that has the highest possible precision.

The next constant, g_n, is a physical constant representing the gravitational constant on earth (for computing things like potential energy, i.e., ).

Finally, eps is a machine constant that represents a “small number” for whatever computing platform is being used.

## SI Units¶

As we discussed previously, the use of units not only makes your code easier to understand by associating concrete units with parameters and variables, it also allows unit consistency checking to be performed by the Modelica compiler. For this reason it is very useful to associate physical types with parameters and variables whenever possible.

The Modelica.SIunits package is very large and full of physical units that are rarely used. They are included for completeness in adhering to the ISO 31-1992 specification. The following are examples of how common physical units are defined in the SIunits package:

type Length = Real (final quantity="Length", final unit="m");
...
type Velocity = Real (final quantity="Velocity", final unit="m/s");
type AngularVelocity = Real(final quantity="AngularVelocity",
...
type Mass = Real(quantity="Mass", final unit="kg", min=0);
type Density = Real(final quantity="Density", final unit="kg/m3",
displayUnit="g/cm3", min=0.0);
type MomentOfInertia = Real(final quantity="MomentOfInertia",
final unit="kg.m2");
...
type Pressure = Real(final quantity="Pressure", final unit="Pa",
displayUnit="bar");
...
type ThermodynamicTemperature = Real(
final quantity="ThermodynamicTemperature",
final unit="K",
min = 0.0,
start = 288.15,
nominal = 300,
displayUnit="degC")
"Absolute temperature (use type TemperatureDifference for relative temperatures)";
type Temperature = ThermodynamicTemperature;
type TemperatureDifference = Real(final quantity="ThermodynamicTemperature",
final unit="K");


## Models¶

The Modelica Standard Library includes many different domain specific libraries inside of it. This section provides an overview of each of these domains and discusses how models in each domain are organized.

### Blocks¶

The Modelica Standard Library includes a collection of models for building causal, block-diagram models. The definitions for these models can be found in the Modelica.Blocks package. Examples of components that can be found in this library include:

• Input connectors (Real, Integer and Boolean)
• Output connectors (Real, Integer and Boolean)
• Gain block, summation blocks, product blocks
• Integration and differentiation blocks
• Logic and relational operation blocks
• Mux and demux blocks

The Blocks package contains a wide variety of blocks for performing operations on signals. Such blocks are typically used for describing the function of control systems and strategies.

### Electrical¶

The Modelica.Electrical package contains sub-packages specifically related to analog, digital and multi-phase electrical systems. It also includes a library of basic electrical machines as well. In this library you will find components like:

• Resistors, capacitors, inductors
• Voltage and current actuators
• Voltage and current sensors
• Transistor and other semiconductor related models
• Diodes and switches
• Logic gates
• Star and Delta connections (multi-phase)
• Synchronous and Asynchronous machines
• Motor models (DC, permanent magnet, etc.)
• Spice3 models

### Mechanical¶

The Modelica.Mechanics library contains three main libraries.

#### Translational¶

The translational library contains component models used for modeling one-dimensional translational motion. This library contains components like:

• Springs, dampers and backlashes
• Masses
• Sensors and actuators
• Friction

#### Rotational¶

The rotational library contains component models used for modeling one-dimensional rotational motion. This library contains components like:

• Springs, dampers and backlashes
• Inertias
• Clutches and Brakes
• Gears
• Sensors and Actuators

#### MultiBody¶

The multibody library contains component models used for modeling three-dimensional mechanical systems. This library contains components like:

• Bodies (including associated inertia tensors and 3D CAD geometry)
• Joints (e.g., prismatic, revolute, universal)
• Sensors and Actuators

### Fluids and Media¶

There are two packages within the Modelica Standard Library associated with modeling fluid systems. The first is Modelica.Media which is a library of property models for various media like:

• Ideal gases (based on NASA Glenn coefficient data)
• Air (dry, reference, moist)
• Water (simple, salt, two-phase)
• Generic incompressible fluids
• R134a (tetrafluoroethane) refrigerant

These property models provide functions for computing fluid properties like enthalpy, density and specific heat ratios for a variety of pure fluids and mixtures.

In addition to these medium models, the Modelica Standard Library also includes the Modelica.Fluid library which is a library of components to describe fluid devices, for example:

• Volumes, tanks and junctions
• Pipes
• Pumps
• Valves
• Pressure losses
• Heat exchangers
• Sources and ambient conditions

### Magnetics¶

The Modelica.Magnetic library contains two sub-packages. The first is the FluxTubes package which is used to construct models of lumped networks of magnetic components. This includes components to represent the magnetic characteristics of basic cylindrical and prismatic geometries as well as sensors and actuators. The other is the FundamentalWave library which is used to model electrical fields in rotating electrical machinery.

### Thermal¶

The Modelica.Thermal package has two sub-packages:

#### HeatTransfer¶

The HeatTransfer is for modeling heat transfer in lumped solids. Models in this library can be used to build lumped thermal network models using components like:

• Lumped thermal capacitances
• Conduction
• Convection
• Ambient conditions
• Sensors

#### FluidHeatFlow¶

Normally, the Modelica.Fluid and Modelica.Media libraries should be used to model thermo-fluid systems because they are capable of handling a wide range of problems involving complex media and multiple phases. However, for a certain class of simpler problems, the FluidHeatFlow library can be used to build simple flow networks of thermo-fluid systems.

## Utilities¶

The Utilities library provides support functionality to other libraries and model developers. It includes several sub-packages for dealing with non-mathematical aspects of modeling.

### Files¶

The Modelica.Utilities.Files library provides functions for accessing and manipulating a computers file system. The following functions are provided by the Files package:

• list - List contents of a file or directory
• copy - Copy a file or directory
• move - Move a file or directory
• remove - Remove a file or directory
• createDirectory - Create a directory
• exist - Test whether a given file or directory already exists
• fullPathName - Determine the full path to a named file or directory
• splitPathName - Split a file name by path
• temporaryFileName - Return the name of a temporary file that does not already exist.
• loadResource - Convert a Modelica URL into an absolute file system path (for use with functions that don’t accept Modelica URLs).

### Streams¶

The Streams package is used reading and writing data to and from the terminal or files. It includes the following functions:

• print - Writes data to either the terminal or a file.
• readFile - Reads data from a file and return a vector of strings representing the lines in the file.
• readLine - Reads a single line of text from a file.
• countLines - Returns the number of lines in a file.
• error - Used to print an error message.
• close - Closes a file.

### Strings¶

The Strings package contains functions that operate on strings. The general capabilities of this library include:

• Find the length of a string
• Constructing and extracting strings
• Comparing strings
• Parsing and searching strings

### System¶

The System package is used to interact with the underlying operating system. It includes the following functions:

• getWorkingDirectory - Get the current working directory.
• setWorkingDirectory - Set the current working directory.
• getEnvironmentVariable - Get the value of an environment variable.
• setEnvironmentVariable - Set the value of an environment variable.
• command - Pass a command to the operating system to execute.
• exit - Terminate execution.